The Docket | Cascading Effects

System Witness

The Culvert Designer's Dilemma

By Seth D. Carrington— January 27, 2026

Feature image for article: The Culvert Designer's Dilemma

She's got the official rainfall numbers on one screen: 7.2 inches for the hundred-year storm. On the other screen, last August's actual data from twenty miles south: 14.83 inches. The culvert she's replacing washed out that night, took half the road with it.

Now she designs the replacement. The code says 7.2. Her license requires following the code. Her insurance requires following the code. At the selectboard meeting next week, they'll ask if this one will survive the next flood.

System Witness

The Culvert Designer's Dilemma

By Seth D. Carrington— January 27, 2026

She's got the official rainfall numbers on one screen: 7.2 inches for the hundred-year storm. On the other screen, last August's actual data from twenty miles south: 14.83 inches. The culvert she's replacing washed out that night, took half the road with it.

Now she designs the replacement. The code says 7.2. Her license requires following the code. Her insurance requires following the code. At the selectboard meeting next week, they'll ask if this one will survive the next flood.

One Person's Impossible Choice

The Man Named Lucky Whose Condo Board Seat Became a Financial Nightmare

One Person's Impossible Choice

The Man Named Lucky Whose Condo Board Seat Became a Financial Nightmare

This Week's System Shock

Grid Emergency Powers Prioritize AI Over Residential Connections

Your electric bill is funding a trillion-dollar infrastructure buildout you didn't ask for. The Department of Energy declared a national energy emergency in 2025, invoking powers to fast-track grid upgrades for AI data centers consuming unprecedented electricity. Single facilities now require a gigawatt of power—what an entire nuclear plant produces.

U.S. utilities will spend $1.4 trillion on grid infrastructure by 2030, roughly double the previous decade. That money comes from ratepayers. Meanwhile, 1,500 gigawatts of clean energy projects sit in interconnection queues, waiting years to connect, while emergency provisions give industrial loads priority treatment. The DOE ordered federal regulators to standardize large-load connections by April 30, 2026, bypassing normal permitting timelines.

This Week's System Shock

Grid Emergency Powers Prioritize AI Over Residential Connections

Your electric bill is funding a trillion-dollar infrastructure buildout you didn't ask for. The Department of Energy declared a national energy emergency in 2025, invoking powers to fast-track grid upgrades for AI data centers consuming unprecedented electricity. Single facilities now require a gigawatt of power—what an entire nuclear plant produces.

U.S. utilities will spend $1.4 trillion on grid infrastructure by 2030, roughly double the previous decade. That money comes from ratepayers. Meanwhile, 1,500 gigawatts of clean energy projects sit in interconnection queues, waiting years to connect, while emergency provisions give industrial loads priority treatment. The DOE ordered federal regulators to standardize large-load connections by April 30, 2026, bypassing normal permitting timelines.

TAKE NOTE

Rate trajectory: Utilities must recover $1.1-$1.4 trillion through customer bills by 2030, guaranteeing sustained increases even as regulators face mounting affordability pressure.

Residential solar: Interconnection backlogs already stretch years in some regions. Emergency powers prioritize industrial loads, potentially pushing homeowner projects further back.

Blackout exposure: Spain's six-hour outage affecting 56 million people last April came from aging infrastructure meeting surging demand. U.S. grid faces identical pressures.

Implementation reality: FERC's April 30 deadline is widely considered impossible, and state-versus-federal authority conflicts will likely drag implementation for years.

Geographic lottery: Areas near data center buildouts see massive utility investment. Others face continued underinvestment. Your grid's trajectory depends on computing infrastructure proximity.

Six Climate Decision Points

The renewal notice arrives with a 26% increase and three weeks to respond. The wholesale price sheet no longer makes economic sense. The electricity bill jumps 20% with a two-line explanation about capacity costs. A house lists for $50,000 less than it should, and the realtor's explanation involves mangroves and hurricane research.

This is how climate change actually shows up: as paperwork with deadlines. Insurance markets that worked for decades suddenly don't. Supply chains price you out. Utility costs spike without warning. Property values detach from logic. Someone opens an envelope or clicks a link, and there's a decision that needs making. The systems changed while nobody was watching, and now there's a form to fill out or a check to write or a phone call to make, and none of the old rules apply anymore.

Six Climate Decision Points

The renewal notice arrives with a 26% increase and three weeks to respond. The wholesale price sheet no longer makes economic sense. The electricity bill jumps 20% with a two-line explanation about capacity costs. A house lists for $50,000 less than it should, and the realtor's explanation involves mangroves and hurricane research.

This is how climate change actually shows up: as paperwork with deadlines. Insurance markets that worked for decades suddenly don't. Supply chains price you out. Utility costs spike without warning. Property values detach from logic. Someone opens an envelope or clicks a link, and there's a decision that needs making. The systems changed while nobody was watching, and now there's a form to fill out or a check to write or a phone call to make, and none of the old rules apply anymore.

Insurance Markets

Sixteen Percent and Rising

The Colorado homeowner opens her renewal offer: $3,200 annually, up from $2,534. Her carrier is E&S now—fewer protections, higher premiums—after the admitted insurer pulled out. Three weeks to accept or try the state's high-risk pool. She keeps rereading the letter.

Coffee Supply

The Forty Percent Problem

A Portland café owner stares at wholesale prices—up 40% since last year as climate disrupts growing regions. She can absorb the cost and watch margins vanish, raise prices and lose regulars, or switch to cheaper beans. Next month's order is due. She hasn't slept well in weeks.

Grid Capacity

From Thirty to Two Seventy

A Pennsylvania family gets notice their electricity bill jumps 20% next quarter. PJM's capacity auction went from $30 to $270 per megawatt-day. They're looking at heat pumps before the tax credit expires, trying to calculate savings nobody can promise will materialize.

Shore Property

Fifty Thousand Below Market

A New Jersey couple tours a shore house listed $50,000 under comparable properties three blocks inland. The realtor mentions mangrove restoration nearby—research shows it reduces hurricane value drops by seven percentage points. Forty-eight hours to decide. The flood zone designation sits there in the disclosure.

Drought Relief

Application Number Sixty-Three

A Vermont dairy farmer fills out the state Drought Relief Fund application. Last summer: $15.9 million in documented losses across 79,000 acres. Twenty-eight applications in 2025, sixty to seventy-five expected this year. She's weighing whether exposing her finances to state officials is worth assistance that might never come.

Row Crops

Thirty-Four Billion in Red

An Iowa farmer reviews his 2025 books: losses before insurance and federal aid. Row-crop producers collectively lost $34.6 billion last year. Same acreage in 2026, scale back, or quit entirely? Seed orders are due in six weeks. His grandfather farmed this land.

What Mainstream Coverage Misses

Climate Makes 18 States Unprofitable for Home Insurers

Excellent market analysis. Missing: the homeowner opening the nonrenewal letter, deciding whether to stay without coverage.

Supply Chain Disruptions Could Cost $25 Trillion by 2060

Impressive economic modeling. Who can't get their medication during the shortage? Which factory towns empty out?

EU Needs €70 Billion Yearly for Climate Adaptation

Climate Tech Investors Optimistic Despite Deployment Barriers

Flood-Exposed Homes Overvalued by Up to $237 Billion

What Mainstream Coverage Misses

Climate Makes 18 States Unprofitable for Home InsurersExcellent market analysis. Missing: the homeowner opening the nonrenewal letter, deciding whether to stay without coverage.

Supply Chain Disruptions Could Cost $25 Trillion by 2060Impressive economic modeling. Who can't get their medication during the shortage? Which factory towns empty out?

Quick links

EU Needs €70 Billion Yearly for Climate Adaptation

Climate Tech Investors Optimistic Despite Deployment Barriers

Flood-Exposed Homes Overvalued by Up to $237 Billion

Research Reshaping Risk Calculations

Major Flood Models Disagree on Three-Quarters of Properties

Two widely used flood-hazard models for Los Angeles agreed on just 24% of properties within the 100-year floodplain. Limited historical data made determining which model performs better impossible. Homeowners, insurers, and municipalities receive dramatically different risk assessments depending on which tool gets used.

What determines your flood insurance rate?

Possibly which model your lender happened to license, not actual risk.

Who figured this out?

Dartmouth-led research spanning a dozen institutions, published in PNAS this month.

Accumulated Heat Exposure Predicts Death Better Than Temperature

A new metric measuring both intensity and duration of heat exposure outperformed simple temperature thresholds in predicting mortality across 17 causes of death. Exposure to 64°C-hours increases natural-cause mortality by 50%. Multi-day heat events pose greater risk than previously understood.

When should you seek cooling?

Three moderate days may be deadlier than one extreme day.

Does this apply everywhere?

Rio de Janeiro study; thresholds likely differ for populations with different acclimatization and infrastructure.

Once-Century Heat Death Seasons Now Occur Every Decade

Heat mortality counts from a 1-in-100 year season in 2000 now occur every 10-20 years, with return periods projected to shorten further at 1.5°C and 2°C warming. Analysis of 748 locations across 47 countries suggests extreme heat-mortality seasons will become routine.

How often should you prepare?

Heat emergency planning should be annual, not once-in-a-lifetime precautions for rare catastrophes.

Can adaptation help?

Study assumes no protective measures; doesn't quantify how much risk reduction is realistically achievable.

Sequential Climate Extremes Create Multiplicative Risk, Not Additive

Compound heat-precipitation events are increasing globally in frequency and intensity. Separate research found rapid swings between wet and dry have increased 31-66% since mid-century, amplifying flash floods, wildfires, and infrastructure failures beyond individual hazard impacts.

Where does planning break down?

Preparing for heat OR flooding OR drought systematically underestimates risk when hazards hit in sequence.

Do existing protections work?

Limited guidance on whether current adaptation measures provide any defense against compound events.

Research Reshaping Risk Calculations

Major Flood Models Disagree on Three-Quarters of Properties

Two widely used flood-hazard models for Los Angeles agreed on just 24% of properties within the 100-year floodplain. Limited historical data made determining which model performs better impossible. Homeowners, insurers, and municipalities receive dramatically different risk assessments depending on which tool gets used.

What determines your flood insurance rate?

Possibly which model your lender happened to license, not actual risk.

Who figured this out?

Dartmouth-led research spanning a dozen institutions, published in PNAS this month.

Research Reshaping Risk Calculations

Accumulated Heat Exposure Predicts Death Better Than Temperature

A new metric measuring both intensity and duration of heat exposure outperformed simple temperature thresholds in predicting mortality across 17 causes of death. Exposure to 64°C-hours increases natural-cause mortality by 50%. Multi-day heat events pose greater risk than previously understood.

When should you seek cooling?

Three moderate days may be deadlier than one extreme day.

Does this apply everywhere?

Rio de Janeiro study; thresholds likely differ for populations with different acclimatization and infrastructure.

Research Reshaping Risk Calculations

Once-Century Heat Death Seasons Now Occur Every Decade

Heat mortality counts from a 1-in-100 year season in 2000 now occur every 10-20 years, with return periods projected to shorten further at 1.5°C and 2°C warming. Analysis of 748 locations across 47 countries suggests extreme heat-mortality seasons will become routine.

How often should you prepare?

Heat emergency planning should be annual, not once-in-a-lifetime precautions for rare catastrophes.

Can adaptation help?

Study assumes no protective measures; doesn't quantify how much risk reduction is realistically achievable.

Research Reshaping Risk Calculations

Sequential Climate Extremes Create Multiplicative Risk, Not Additive

Compound heat-precipitation events are increasing globally in frequency and intensity. Separate research found rapid swings between wet and dry have increased 31-66% since mid-century, amplifying flash floods, wildfires, and infrastructure failures beyond individual hazard impacts.

Where does planning break down?

Preparing for heat OR flooding OR drought systematically underestimates risk when hazards hit in sequence.

Do existing protections work?

Limited guidance on whether current adaptation measures provide any defense against compound events.